Unfunded pensions in Europe hit 300%-500% of GDP—demographic collapse fuels looming crisis.

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Sources:

Eurostat – Pensions in National Accounts: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?oldid=514007

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Econstor – Unfunded Public Pension Entitlements: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/73033/1/742711358.pdf

European Commission – Implicit Pension Liabilities: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?oldid=610738

Office for National Statistics – UK Public Sector Pension Liabilities: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/pensionssavingsandinvestments/articles/ukenvironmentalaccounts/unfundedpublicpensions

Financial Times – Spain’s Pension Crisis: https://www.ft.com/content/f9a260f8-2d8f-11ec-bd0d-0b97f85ac6dc