Oregon sues the Trump administration over a new $100,000 H-1B visa fee

The Congressional Research Service notes that the U.S. has long relied on foreign physicians and that J‑1 visas are a major route for international medical graduates completing U.S. residency programs

https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47528

J‑1 is used for medical training, especially residencies and fellowships.

After training, many doctors pursue a J‑1 waiver (e.g., Conrad 30) to work in underserved areas.

Immi‑USA explains that nurses can obtain permanent residency through EB‑3 Schedule A, which bypasses labor certification.

https://www.immi-usa.com/immigration/healthcare-visa-green-card/